Proflow's grade 5 titanium studs come in a variety of metric sizes which can be used universally and are great for fastening engine components, as they are highly resistant to heat causing stresses. The Process: Each stud begins as a solid bar of titanium, which is then heat treated and forged before they undergo machining to our exact specifications. The threads of each stud are then cold-rolled, which is a work hardening process that increases the studs yield strength and hardness. Finally, they are polished to create that great looking shine!